02 / Select

From requirements to a shortlist you can defend

Material selection is where most projects quietly go wrong — a grade chosen because it was used last time, and discovered to be wrong at qualification. Start from the constraints instead.

Selection is a window, not a lookup

"Under 3 g/cm³ and above 300 MPa" is a box drawn on a property chart. What falls inside it is the shortlist; everything else is out, however familiar it is. The selector does this across far more properties than two — but this is the shape of it.

Strength against density for 25 engineering materials A logarithmic property chart. Density runs from 0.8 to 12 grams per cubic centimetre on the horizontal axis and strength from 10 to 3000 megapascals on the vertical axis. Each material is drawn as a vertical capsule spanning its published strength range, coloured by material class. ρ < 3 · σ > 300 1 1.5 2 3 5 8 10 10 30 100 300 1000 3000 Density ρ (g/cm³) Strength σ (MPa) AISI 1045 carbon steel — ρ 7.85 g/cm³, tensile strength 565–850 MPa AISI 4140 (42CrMo4) — ρ 7.85 g/cm³, tensile strength 900–1200 MPa AISI 304 / 1.4301 stainless — ρ 7.9 g/cm³, tensile strength 515–720 MPa AISI 316L / 1.4404 stainless — ρ 8 g/cm³, tensile strength 485–620 MPa 17-4PH (1.4542) — ρ 7.75 g/cm³, tensile strength 930–1310 MPa Ductile iron EN-GJS-400-15 — ρ 7.1 g/cm³, tensile strength 400 MPa Aluminum 6061-T6 — ρ 2.7 g/cm³, tensile strength 310 MPa Aluminum 7075-T6 — ρ 2.81 g/cm³, tensile strength 572 MPa Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) — ρ 4.43 g/cm³, yield strength 830–1100 MPa Magnesium AZ31B — ρ 1.77 g/cm³, yield strength 150–220 MPa Copper Cu-ETP (C11000) — ρ 8.94 g/cm³, yield strength 70–330 MPa Cartridge brass C26000 (CuZn30) — ρ 8.53 g/cm³, tensile strength 300–900 MPa Bearing bronze C93200 (SAE 660) — ρ 8.9 g/cm³, tensile strength 240 MPa Monel 400 (NiCu30Fe) — ρ 8.8 g/cm³, yield strength 240–480 MPa Inconel 718 — ρ 8.19 g/cm³, yield strength 1030 MPa Hastelloy C-276 — ρ 8.89 g/cm³, yield strength 355 MPa Alumina Al₂O₃ (99.5 %) — ρ 3.9 g/cm³, compressive strength 2500 MPa Zirconia Y-TZP (3Y) — ρ 6.05 g/cm³, flexural strength 900–1200 MPa Silicon nitride Si₃N₄ — ρ 3.2 g/cm³, flexural strength 700–1000 MPa Polyamide PA66 (nylon) — ρ 1.14 g/cm³, tensile strength 80 MPa Polycarbonate (PC) — ρ 1.2 g/cm³, tensile strength 65 MPa PEEK — ρ 1.3 g/cm³, tensile strength 100 MPa PTFE (Teflon) — ρ 2.2 g/cm³, tensile strength 25 MPa CFRP (carbon/epoxy laminate) — ρ 1.55 g/cm³, tensile strength (0°) 1200–2000 MPa GFRP (glass/epoxy or polyester) — ρ 1.9 g/cm³, tensile strength 300–1100 MPa
Metals & Alloys (16) Ceramics & Glasses (3) Polymers & Elastomers (4) Composites (2) 25 of 37 library materials publish both a density and a strength. Bars span the published range; the dot is its midpoint.

What you put in

Prose, not a form. "A seawater pump impeller running at 60 °C with cavitation, welded repairs in the field, and no more than €40/kg" is a complete brief — function, environment, constraints and the property targets that follow.

FunctionWhat the part does and how it is loaded — static, cyclic, impact, thermal cycling.
EnvironmentMedium, temperature range, pH, chlorides, UV, radiation, contact with other metals.
Property targetsThe numbers that must be met: strength, stiffness, toughness, conductivity, service temperature.
ConstraintsManufacturing route, joinability, mass budget, cost ceiling, regulatory or standards requirements.

What you get back

Ranked candidatesThree to six materials, best fit first, with the reasoning for the ranking made explicit.
Property rangesRealistic ranges in SI units with the condition attached — not a single number pretending to be exact.
Trade-offsWhat each candidate costs you. The one that wins on strength usually loses somewhere else.
Processing and joiningHow it is made, how it is welded or bonded, and the traps in each route.
SourcesEach database, paper or dataset consulted, plus an explicit entry for anything answered from general knowledge.

Why the ranking is argued, not asserted

Each candidate comes with the property values that put it where it is and the weakness that keeps it from being obvious. Sources are listed per result: where a number came from OQMD it says OQMD, and where it came from published typical ranges it says so and tells you to verify.

  1. 01 Brief Function, environment, constraints
  2. 02 Screen Property windows across the field
  3. 03 Rank With trade-offs made explicit
  4. 04 Verify Against databases and your own tests

Every candidate can be looked up in the materials library, its class behaviour, and — through structure search — the computed phases behind it. The shortlist is the start of the argument, not the end of it.

Good brief

"Bracket, aluminium or better, 200 °C continuous, salt spray exposure, bolted to CFRP, needs to be machinable in small batches, mass matters more than cost."

Weak brief

"What is the best metal?" — nothing to rank against, so nothing worth ranking.

Related

Questions about the selector

Does it just pick from a fixed list?

No. The 37-entry library on this site is reference data you can browse, but the selector reasons over the whole materials space and queries live structure databases while it works. Candidates outside the library are normal.

Why a shortlist instead of one answer?

Because material selection is a trade-off, not a lookup. A single recommendation hides the alternative that would have been better once you weighed cost or joinability differently. The shortlist makes the trade visible so you can make the call.

Can I export the comparison?

Yes. On the Pro and Team plans results are saved to your history and export into a report you can take into a design review.

How accurate are the property ranges?

They are typical published ranges for orientation, and they behave like datasheet ranges: heat treatment, section size and product form move them. Use them to narrow a field, then confirm against the standard and the supplier's certified data.

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